@misc{roettgers_measurement_of_2012, 
author={Roettgers, R., Gehnke, S.},
title={Measurement of light absorption by aquatic particles: improvement of the quantitative filter technique by use of an integrating sphere approach},
year={2012},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.001336},
abstract = {Determination of particulate absorption in natural waters is often made by measuring the transmittance of samples on glass-fiber filters with the so-called quantitative filter technique (QFT). The accuracy of this technique is limited due to variations in the optical properties of the sample/filter composite, and due to uncertainties in the path-length amplification induced by multiple scattering inside the filter. Some variations in the optical properties of the sample/filter composite can be compensated by additional measurements of the filter’s reflectance (transmittance–reflectance method [T-R] [S. Tassan and G. M. Ferrari, Limnol. Oceanogr.10.4319/lo.1995.40.8.1358LIOCAH0024-359040, 1358 (1995)]). We propose a different, rarely used approach, namely to measure the filter’s absorptance in the center of a large integrating sphere, to avoid problems with light losses due to scattering. A comparison with other QFTs includes a sensitivity study for different error sources and determination of path-length amplification factors for each measurement technique. Measurements with a point-source integrating-cavity absorption meter were therefore used to determine the true absorption. Filter to filter variability induced a much lower error in absorptance compared to a measured transmittance. This reduced error permits more accurate determination of the usually low absorption coefficient in the near IR spectral region. The error of the T-R method was lower than that of the transmittance measurement but slightly higher than that of an absorptance measurement. The mean path-length amplification was much higher for the absorptance measurement compared to the T-R method (4.50 versus 2.45) but was found to be largely independent of wavelength and optical density. With natural samples the path-length amplification was less variable for the absorptance measurement, reducing the overall error for absorption to less than ±14%, compared to ±25% for the T-R method.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.001336} (DOI). Roettgers, R.; Gehnke, S.: Measurement of light absorption by aquatic particles: improvement of the quantitative filter technique by use of an integrating sphere approach. Applied Optics. 2012. vol. 51, no. 9, 1336-1351. DOI: 10.1364/AO.51.001336}}